Does Smoking Increase the Risk of Prostate Cancer? Exploring the Facts From Recent Research
Dr. David Samadi
Recent research has shed light on the relationship between smoking and prostate cancer, sparking debate on whether smoking plays a direct role in increasing the risk of developing this condition. While smoking is a well-known cause of various health issues, including lung and heart disease, its connection to prostate cancer is less clear. Let’s explore the latest findings.
What Does the Research Say?
A 2023 systematic review found no strong evidence that smoking causes or increases the risk of prostate cancer. Some studies even suggest a reduced risk of prostate cancer among smokers. However, these findings come with important caveats.
Researchers believe that one reason for the reduced risk may be that smokers are less likely to undergo regular prostate cancer screenings. Additionally, smokers may face other life-threatening health conditions, such as lung cancer or cardiovascular disease, which could impact their mortality before a prostate cancer diagnosis.
Smoking and Prostate Cancer Progression
For individuals already diagnosed with prostate cancer, smoking can have a more concerning impact. The same 2023 review highlighted that smokers with prostate cancer are more likely to experience:
- Cancer spreading to distant areas (metastasis)
- Biochemical recurrence (an increase in prostate-specific antigens, which may indicate cancer recurrence)
- Higher cancer-specific and overall mortality rates
Smokers diagnosed with prostate cancer have a 42% higher risk of dying from the disease compared to non-smokers, according to the review.
How Does Smoking Affect Prostate Cancer Risk?
Although smoking may not directly cause prostate cancer, it can contribute to factors that increase the likelihood of developing or worsening the condition. Cigarettes contain at least 70 cancer-causing chemicals, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and cadmium, both of which have been linked to prostate cancer. For example:
- PAHs can cause genetic changes that impair the body’s ability to detoxify harmful substances.
- Cadmium can mimic androgens (male sex hormones), potentially increasing prostate cancer risk.
Additionally, smoking may promote prostate inflammation, which could contribute to the development and progression of prostate cancer. While the overall risk remains unclear, smoking is undeniably linked to more aggressive forms of the disease.
The Impact of Vaping
With the rise of vaping, many wonder if e-cigarettes pose a similar threat. A 2022 animal study found that both traditional cigarettes and e-cigarettes had comparable effects on the genes associated with prostate cancer development. This suggests that vaping may not be a safer alternative to smoking, though more human studies are needed to understand its impact on prostate cancer risk fully.
Other Prostate Cancer Risk Factors
Beyond smoking, several other factors can increase prostate cancer risk, including:
- Age: The risk rises significantly after age 50.
- Race and ethnicity: African American men and those with African Caribbean ancestry are at higher risk.
- Genetics: A family history of prostate cancer or inherited genetic mutations (such as those linked to Lynch syndrome) can increase risk.
- Diet and Obesity: High dairy and calcium intake, as well as obesity, may contribute to more aggressive forms of prostate cancer.
- Chemical exposure: Exposure to chemicals like arsenic or Agent Orange may heighten the risk, especially in certain professions like firefighting.
Steps to Lower Prostate Cancer Risk
Although the link between smoking and prostate cancer is still being explored, quitting smoking offers numerous health benefits, including a reduced risk of other cancers. To further lower the risk of prostate cancer, consider the following lifestyle changes:
- Eat a balanced diet rich in vegetables, fruits, and whole grains.
- Limit red meat, processed foods, and sugary drinks.
- Avoid excessive calcium intake and limit calcium supplements.
- Maintain a healthy weight and stay physically active.
When to See a Doctor
Prostate cancer may not cause symptoms in its early stages, but signs to watch for include:
- Changes in urination, such as a weak stream or frequent nighttime urination
- Blood in urine or semen
If you experience any of these symptoms, consult a healthcare provider. Early detection can improve the chances of successful treatment. If you smoke, your doctor can also provide guidance on quitting to support your overall health.
Dr. David Samadi is the Director of Men’s Health and Urologic Oncology at St. Francis Hospital in Long Island. He’s a renowned and highly successful board-certified Urologic Oncologist Expert and Robotic Surgeon in New York City, regarded as one of the leading prostate surgeons in the U.S., with a vast expertise in prostate cancer treatment and Robotic-Assisted Laparoscopic Prostatectomy. Dr. Samadi is a medical contributor to NewsMax TV and is also the author of two books, Prostate Cancer, Now What? A Practical Guide to Diagnosis, Treatment, and Recovery, and The Ultimate MANual, Dr. Samadi’s Guide to Men’s Health and Wellness, available online both on Amazon and Barnes & Noble. Visit Dr. Samadi’s websites at robotic oncology and prostate cancer 911.